Drama in Literature

Drama is a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and atmosphere designed to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. This definition may be applied to motion picture drama as well as to the traditional stage.

Apply these questions to a recent movie you have seen or a radio or television drama,

Conflict

What did the leading character want?
What stood in his way? (People - environment- personality, etc,)
What was the high point of tension or the crisis? (This is where the leading character must make a crucial decision that will effect the outcome of the play.)
Character analysis

Are the characters true to life or are they types or caricatures?
How is the character revealed?
What is the driving force of each leading character?
If a character changes, are the causes convincing and true to life?
Setting

Are the sets appropriate?
Are they attractive?
Are they authentic?
Critical standards useful for drama, novel, motion pictures:

What is the chief emphasis (ideas, character, atmosphere)?
What was the purpose? (entertainment, humor, excitement)?
Is it realistic or romantic?
Does it show life as it really is or distort life?
Does it present any problem of human relationship?
Does it glamorize life and present an artificial happy ending?
Types of Drama:

Tragedy -- In general, tragedy involves the ruin of the leading characters. To the Greeks, it meant the destruction of some noble person through fate, To the Elizabethans, it meant in the first place death and in the second place the destruction of some noble person through a flaw in his character. Today it may not involve death so much as a dismal life, Modern tragedy often shows the tragedy not of the strong and noble but of the weak and mean,
Comedy -- is lighter drama in which the leading characters overcome the difficulties which temporarily beset them
Problem Play -- Drama of social criticism discusses social, economic, or political problems by means of a play.
Farce -- When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for human values, it becomes farce.
Comedy of Manners -- Comedy which wittily portrays fashionable life.
Fantasy -- A play sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the author gives free reign to his fantasy, allowing things to happen without regard to reality.
Melodrama -- Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human values, but its object is to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment, never any literary value.
Types of Drama of Historical Interest:

Medieval mystery plays -- dealt with Bible stories and allegorical mysteries.
Chronicle plays -- dealt directly with historical scenes and characters.
Masques -- were slight plays involving much singing and dancing and costuming. They were usually allegorical.
Drama is the most dependent of art forms -- director, actors, scene and costume designers must interpret before the audience does.

The Place of the Actor

The player should respect his play, his part, his fellow players, and his audience.
He should have imagination enough to create character for us instead of merely exploiting his own personality.
He should have a technical equipment in his 'voice, facial expression, bodily poise, gesture, and by-play that enables him to project the character as he conceives it.


More Literary Terms

(Drama)

1. Allusion - an indirect reference by casually mentioning something that is generally familiar (In literature we find many allusions to mythology, the Bible, history, etc.)

2. Aside - Lines whispered to the audience or to another character on stage (not meant to be heard by all the characters on stage)

3. Catastrophe - the final event in a drama (a death in a tragedy or a marriage in a comedy)

4. Comedy - A light play with a happy ending

5. Comic Relief - A bit of humor injected into a serious play to relieve the heavy tension of tragic events

6. Crisis or Climax - the turning point in the plot (This occurs when events develop either for or against the main character and a crucial decision must be made.)

7. Dramatic Irony - occurs when the audience knows something that the character on stage is not aware.

8. Foreshadow - Lines that give a hint or clue to future events (It doesn't tell the future but hints at it.)

9. Irony -

A method of expression in which the ordinary meaning of the word is opposite to the thought in the speaker's mind
Events contrary to what would be naturally expected
10. Metaphor - an implied comparison between two different things; identifying a person or object as the thing to which it is being compared.
Example: 'It is the East and Juliet is the sun.' - 'tossed on the sea of life'

11. Metonymy - a figure of speech whereby the name of a thing is substituted for the attribute which it suggests. Example: The pen (power of literature or the written word) is mightier than the sword (force).

12. Nemesis - agent of retribution (the person who punishes)

13. Personification - giving the quality of life to inanimate things

14. Poetic Justice - The operation of justice in a play with fair distribution of rewards for good deeds and punishment for wrong doing

15. Simile - an expressed comparison between two different things using 'like' or 'as' - Example: 'eyes twinkle like stars' - 'as loud as the roaring sea'

16. Soliloquy - A single character on stage thinking out loud (a way of letting the audience know what is in the character's mind)

17. Tragedy - A serious play having an unhappy ending

18. Tragic Flaw - A character trait that leads one to his/her own downfall or destruction

***5th Daily JournaL

^THE LONELIES DAY^

honestly, i am very poor.
Before, i am alone in my bedroom, and now i am alone again..
!! no one wants to join me tonight ,,

So, I sing a song Michael Jackson - You Are Not Alone Lyrics

Another day has gone
I'm still all alone
How could this be
You're not here with me
You never said goodbye
Someone tell me why
Did you have to go
And leave my world so cold

Everyday I sit and ask myself
How did love slip away
Something whispers in my ear and says
That you are not alone
For I am here with you
Though you're far away
I am here to stay

You are not alone
I am here with you
Though we're far apart
You're always in my heart
You are not alone

All alone
Why, oh

Just the other night
I thought I heard you cry
Asking me to come
And hold you in my arms
I can hear your prayers
Your burdens I will bear
But first I need your hand
So forever can begin

Everyday I sit and ask myself
How did love slip away
Then something whispers in my ear and says
That you are not alone
For I am here with you
Though you're far away
I am here to stay
For you are not alone
I am here with you
Though we're far apart
You're always in my heart
And you are not alone

Whisper three words and I'll come runnin'
And girl you know that I'll be there
I'll be there

You are not alone
I am here with you
Though you're far away
I am here to stay
You are not alone
I am here with you
Though we're far apart
You're always in my heart

You are not alone
For I am here with you
Though you're far away
I am here to stay
For you are not alone
For I am here with you
Though we're far apart
You're always in my heart

For you are not alone

***4th Daily JournaL

Today, I sang a song "I want you back"
by N-'Sync ...

I Want You Back Lyrics

You're All I Ever Wanted
You're All I Ever Needed Yeah
So Tell Me What You Do Now
Cause I I I I I I Want You Back

It's Hard To Say I'm Sorry
It's Hard To Make The Things I Did Undone
A Lesson I've Learned Too Well For Sure
So Don't Hang Up The Phone Now
I'm Trying To Figure Out Just What To Do
I'm Going Crazy Without You

You're All I Ever Wanted
You're All I Ever Needed Yeah
So Tell Me What To Do Now
When I Want You Back

Baby I Remember
The Way You Used To Look At Me And Say
Promises Never Last Forever
I Told You Not To Worry
I Said That Everything Will Be Alright
I Didn't Know Than That You Were Right

You're All I Ever Wanted
You're All I Ever Needed Yeah
So Tell Me What To Do Now
When I Want You Back

I Want You Back

You're The One I Want
You're The One I Need
Girl What Can I Do
You're The One I Want
You're The One I Need
Tell Me What Can I Do

You're All I Ever Wanted
You're The One I Want You're All I Ever Needed
You're The One I Want So Tell Me What To Do Now
When I Want You Back

You're All I Ever Wanted
You're All I Ever Needed
So Tell Me What To Do Now
When I Want You Back

*THE BEST SINGER TO ME

***3rd Daily JournaL

Oh my God..!!! Traffic jam in everywhere"
got traffic jam at UNP because of graduation ceremony..
what a bad day??
when I went to economics faculty I met with a selfish person there. So, i went back to another routes. I was very upset...

damn it #....><....#

***2nd Daily JournaL

Today, i am in theater class >_<
Exactly told about attitude behavior of students with Mrs. Kurnia Ningsih. Really crowded and noisy, too!
"the speech that my lecturer gave its really useful for guiding us to have a good personality"

~there are lot of knowledge that i got from her..
Thank you, Mom.
gooD job^_^

English literature

English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was Polish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian, but all are considered important writers in the history of English literature. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.
This article primarily deals with some of the literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section, bottom of the page.

JOHN LOCKE(1632-1704) - BIOGRAPHY

John Locke was born on August 29, 1632, in Warington, a village in Somerset, England. In 1646 he went to Westminster school, and in 1652 to Christ Church in Oxford. In 1659 he was elected to a senior studentship, and tutored at the college for a number of years. Still, contrary to the curriculum, he complained that he would rather be studying Descartes than Aristotle. In 1666 he declined an offer of preferment, although he thought at one time of taking up clerical work. In 1668 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1674 he finally graduated as a bachelor of medicine. In 1675 he was appointed to a medical studentship at the college. He owned a home in Oxford until 1684, until his studentship was taken from him by royal mandate.
Locke's mentor was Robert Boyle, the leader of the Oxford scientific group. Boyle's mechanical philosophy saw the world as reducible to matter in motion. Locke learned about atomism and took the terms "primary and secondary qualities" from Boyle. Both Boyle and Locke, along with Newton, were members of the English Royal Society. Locke became friends with Newton in 1688 after he had studied Newton's Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis. It was Locke's work with the Oxford scientists that gave him a critical perspective when reading Descartes. Locke admired Descartes as an alternative to the Aristotelianism dominant at Oxford. Descartes' "way of ideas" was a major influence on Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Locke studied medicine with Sydenham, one of the most notable English physicians of the 17th century. His skills in medicine led to an accidental encounter with Lord Ashley (later to become the Earl of Shaftesbury) in1666, which would mark a profound change in his career. Locke became a member of Shaftesbury's household and assisted him in business, political and domestic matters. Locke remained at Shaftesbury's side when the Earl was made Lord Chancellor in 1672, making presentations to benefices, and eventually becoming his secretary to the board of trade until 1675, when Shaftesbury lost his title.
Locke's ideas on freedom of religion and the rights of citizens were considered a challenge to the King's authority by the English government and in 1682 Locke went into exile in Holland. It was here that he completed An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and published Epistola de Tolerantia in Latin. The English government tried to have Locke, along with a group of English revolutionaries with whom he was associated, extradited to England. Locke's position at Oxford was taken from him in 1684. In 1685, while Locke was still in Holland, Charles II died and was succeeded by James II who was eventually overthrown by rebels (after more than one attempt). William of Orange was invited to bring a Dutch force to England, while James II went into exile in France. Known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688, this event marks the change in the dominant power in English government from King to Parliament. In 1688 Locke took the opportunity to return to England on the same ship that carried Princess Mary to join her husband William.
Locke had written Two Treatises of Civil Government in the early 1680s while Whig revolutionary plots against Charles II were still in the works, and in 1690 he was finally able to publish them. This work is a theory of natural law and rights in which he makes a distinction between legitimate and illegitimate civil governments and argues for the legitimacy of revolution against tyrannical governments. He saw that the reason government is established is to protect the life, liberty and property of a people, and if these goals are not respected, then rebellion is entirely permissible by the population who originally consented to the government's power. The first treatise is an attack on Sir Robert Filmer and his text Patriarcha (1680), which he wrote in defense of divine monarchy. Locke uses this critique to launch his criticism of the work of Thomas Hobbes. In the Second Treatis Locke states his theory of natural law and natural right, revealing a rational purpose to government. Locke felt that the public welfare made government necessary and was the test of good government, and he always defended the government as an institution.
In 1690 Locke was also able to publish An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which he had been working on since 1671. In this book he establishes the principles of modern Empiricism, and attacks the rationalist concept of innate ideas. Drawing on earlier writings by Chillingworth in which human understanding is said to be limited, Locke sets out to determine these limits. He writes that we can be certain that God exists, and be as certain of mortality as we are of mathematics, because we create moral and political ideas. He states that we cannot, however, know the underlying realities of natural substances, as we can only know their appearance. He imagined that the human mind begins as a "tabula rasa," and that we learn by our experience.
The new government of England offered Locke the post of ambassador to Berlin or Vienna in recognition of his part in the revolution, however Locke declined the honorable position. In 1689 he became commissioner of appeals, and from 1696 to 1700 acted as commissioner of trade and plantations. In 1691 Locke responded to financial difficulties in the government by publishing Some Considerations of the Consequences of Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money, and in 1695 Further Considerations on the topic of money. In 1693 he published Some Thoughts Concerning Education, and in 1695 The Reasonableness of Christianity. He was later inspired to write two Vindications of this last work in response to some criticism. Locke invested a great deal of energy in theology in his later years, and among his work published post mortem are commentaries on the Pauline epistles, a Discourse on Miracles, a fragment of the Fourth Letter for Toleration, and An Examination of Father Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing all things in God, Remarks on Some of Mr. Norris's Books. After his death another chapter of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding was published under the title The Conduct of the Understanding.
In his final years he lived in the country at Oates in Essex at the home of Sir Francis and Lady Masham (Damaris Cudworth). Locke had met Cudworth in 1682, a philosopher and daughter of the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth. They had an intellectual and amorous relationship, which was cut short by Locke's exile in Holland. Cudworth had married Sir Francis Masham in Locke's absence, yet she and Locke remained close friends. Before his death, Locke saw four more editions of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and entertained controversy and critiques regarding the work, engaging in a series of letters with Edward Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester, which have since been published. He died at Oates in Essex on October 28, 1704.